Two-component signal transduction as a target for microbial anti-infective therapy.

s of the 214th ACS National Meeting.20. Dong, J., S. Iuchi, H. S. Kwan, Z. Lu, and E. C. Lin. 1993. The deducedamino-acid sequence of the cloned cpxR gene suggests the protein is thecognate regulator for the membrane sensor, CpxA, in a two-component signal transduction system of Escherichia coli. Gene 136:227–230.21. Dziejman, M., and J. J. Mekalanos. 1995. Two-component signal transduc-tion and its role in the expression of bacterial virulence factors, p. 305–317.In J. A. Hoch and T. J. Silhavy (ed.), Two-component signal transduction. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.22. Evers, S., and P. Courvalin. 1996. Regulation of VanB-type vancomycinresistance gene expression by the VanS(B)-VanR(B) two-component regulatory system in Enterococcus faecalis V583. J. Bacteriol. 178:1302–1309.23. Feher, V. A., J. W. Zapf, J. A. Hoch, J. M. Whiteley, L. P. McIntosh, M.Rance, N. J. Skelton, F. W. Dahlquist, and J. Cavanagh. 1997. High-reso-lution NMR structure and backbone dynamics of the Bacillus subtilis re-sponse regulator, SpoOF: implications for phosphorylation and molecular recognition. Biochemistry 36:10015–10025.24. Fields, P. I., E. A. Groisman, and F. Heffron. 1989. A Salmonella locus thatcontrols resistance to microbicidal proteins from phagocytic cells. Science 243:1059–1062.25. Foster, T. J., and D. McDevitt. 1994. Surface-associated proteins of Staphy-lococcus aureus: their possible roles in virulence. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 118:199–205.26. Frank, D. W., and B. H. Iglewski. 1991. Cloning and sequence analysis of atrans-regulatory locus required for exoenzyme S synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 173:6460–6468.27. Frechette, R. F., M. Beach, J. Bernstein, T. Dow, B. Foleno, C. E. Johnson,M. Loeloff, M. A. Weidner-Wells, H. Werblood, and J. F. Barrett. 1997.Novel benzoxazine derivatives with inhibitory activity against bacterial two-component signal transduction systems, abstr. 152, p. 44. In Program and abstracts of the 214th ACS National Meeting.28. Galan, J. E. 1994. Salmonella entry into mammalian cells: different yets of the 214th ACS National Meeting.28. Galan, J. E. 1994. Salmonella entry into mammalian cells: different yet converging signal transduction pathways? Trends Cell Biol. 4:196–199.29. Galan, J. E. 1996. Molecular and cellular bases of Salmonella entry into host cells. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 209:43–60.30. Garcı́a-Véscovi, E., F. C. Soncini, and E. A. Groisman. 1996. Mg as anextracellular signal: environmental regulation of Salmonella virulence. Cell 84:165–174.31. Goldberg, J. B., and T. Dahnke. 1992. Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgB, whichmodulates the expression of alginate, is a member of the NtrC subclass of prokaryotic regulators. Mol. Microbiol. 6:59–66.32. Goldschmidt, R. M., M. Macielag, D. Hlasta, and J. F. Barrett. 1997. Inhibition of virulence factors in bacteria. Curr. Pharm. Design 3:142.33. Grob, P., D. Kahn, and D. G. Guiney. 1997. Mutational characterization ofpromoter regions recognized by the Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid regulatory protein SpvR. J. Bacteriol. 179:5398–5406.34. Guenzi, E., A. M. Gasc, M. A. Sicard, and R. Hakenbeck. 1994. A two-component signal-transducing system is involved in competence and peni-cillin susceptibility in laboratory mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol. Microbiol. 12:505–515.35. Hacker, J., G. Blum-Oehler, I. Muhldorfer, and H. Tschape. 1997. Patho-genicity islands of virulent bacteria: structure, function and impact on microbial evolution. Mol. Microbiol. 23:1089–1097.36. Haldimann, A., S. L. Fisher, L. L. Daniels, C. T. Walsh, and B. L. Wanner.1997. Transcriptional regulation of the Enterococcus faecium BM4147 van-comycin resistance gene cluster by the VanS-VanR two-component regulatory system in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 179:5903–5913.37. Hazenbos, W. L., B. M. van den Berg, J. W. van’t Wout, F. R. Mooi, and R.van Furth. 1994. Virulence factors determine attachment and ingestion ofnonopsonized and opsonized Bordetella pertussis by human monocytes. Infect. Immun. 62:4818–4824.38. Hecht, G. B., T. Lane, N. Ohta, J. Sommer, and A. Newton. 1995. Anessential single domain response regulator required for normal cell division and differentiation in Caulobacter crescentus. EMBO J. 14:3915–3924.39. Highlander, S. K., and K. G. Weinstock. 1992. Bacterial virulence factors astargets for chemotherapy, p. 323–346. In J. A. Sutcliffe and N. H. Georgo-papadkou (ed.), Emerging targets antibacterial antifungal chemotherapy. Chapman & Hall, New York, N.Y.40. Hobbs, M., E. S. R. Collie, P. D. Free, S. P. Livingston, and J. S. Mattick.1993. PilS and PilR, a two-component transcriptional regulatory systemcontrolling expression of type 4 fimbriae in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol. Microbiol. 7:669–682.41. Houng, H. S., K. F. Noon, J. T. Ou, and L. S. Baron. 1992. Expression of Viantigen in Escherichia coli K-12: characterization of ViaB from Citrobacter freundii and identity of ViaA with RcsB. J. Bacteriol. 174:5910–5915.42. Irikura, V. M., M. Kihara, S. Yamaguchi, H. Sockett, and R. M. Macnab.1993. Salmonella typhimurium fliG and fliN mutations causing defects inassembly, rotation, and switching of the flagellar motor. J. Bacteriol. 175: 802–810.43. Jayaratne, P., W. J. Keenleyside, P. R. MacLachlan, C. Dodgson, and C.Whitfield. 1993. Characterization of rcsB and rcsC from Escherichia coliO9:K30:H12 and examination of the role of the rcs regulatory system inexpression of group I capsular polysaccharides. J. Bacteriol. 175:5384–5394. 44. Knutton, S., T. Baldwin, P. Williams, A. Manjarrez-Hernandez, and A.Aitken. 1993. The attaching and effacing virulence property of enteropatho-genic Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Virol. Parasitol. Infect. Dis. 278:209–217.45. Lee, K., M. W. Dudley, K. M. Hess, D. G. Lynn, R. D. Joerger, and A. N.Binns. 1992. Mechanism of activation of Agrobacterium virulence genes:identification of phenol-binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 8666–8670.46. Lee, Y. W., S. Jin, W. S. Sim, and E. W. Nester. 1995. Genetic evidence fordirect sensing of phenolic compounds by the VirA protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:12245–12249.47. Licata, L., J. L. Melton, J. A. Fernandez, R. F. Frechette, M. Beach, G. Webb,L. E. Lawrence, J. F. Barrett, and M. Frosco. 1997. In vitro characterizationof a novel class of antibacterial agents that inhibit bacterial two-componentsystems, abstr. F-226, p. 87. In Program and abstracts of the 37th InterscienceConference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.48. Macielag, M., J. Bernstein, J. Demers, T. Dow, B. Foleno, R. Goldschmidt, J. Guan, J. Hilliard, D. J. Hlasta, C. Johnson, S. Johnson, R. Kanojia, M. Loeloff, K. Ohemeng, R. Russell, C. Sheppard, S. A. Fraga-Spano, Z. Sui, M. A. Weidner-Wells, H. Werblood, and J. F. Barrett. 1997. Antibacterialsalicylamides that inhibit bacterial two-component regulatory systems, abstr.F-228, p. 87. In Program and abstracts of the 37th Interscience Conferenceon Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.49. Maeda, T., S. M. Wurgler-Murphy, and H. Saito. 1994. A two-componentsystem that regulates an osmosensing MAP kinase cascade in yeast. Nature 369:242–245.50. McIver, K. S., A. S. Heath, B. D. Green, and J. R. Scott. 1995. Specificbinding of the activator Mga to promoter sequences of the emm and scpA genes in the group A streptococcus. J. Bacteriol. 177:6619–6624.51. McLean, B. G., E. A. Greene, and P. C. Zambryski. 1994. Mutants ofAgrobacterium VirA that activate vir gene express in the absence of the inducer actosyringone. J. Biol. Chem. 269:2645–2651.52. Melton, J. L., J. A. Fernandez, R. F. Frechette, M. Beach, L. Licata, D. B.Mehta, J. F. Barrett, and M. Frosco. 1997. In vivo activity of a novel seriesof antibacterial agents that inhibit the bacterial two-component signal trans-duction system, abstr. F-229, p. 87. In Program and abstracts of the 37thInterscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.53. Morgan, A. S., P. J. Brennan, and N. O. Fishman. 1997. Impact of a van-comycin restriction policy on use and cost of vancomycin and incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Ann. Pharmacother. 31:970–973.54. Novick, R. P., S. J. Projan, J. Kornblum, H. F. Ross, G. Ji, B. Kreiswirth, F.Vandenesch, and S. Moghazeh. 1995. The agr P2 operon: an autocatalyticsensory transduction system in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 248:446–458.55. Parkinson, J. S., and E. C. Kofoid. 1992. Communication modules in bacterial signaling proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet. 26:71–112.56. Patti, J. M., and M. Hook. 1994. Microbial adhesins recognizing extracellular matrix macromolecules. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 6:752–758.57. Perego, M., C. G. Hanstein, K. M. Welsh, T. Djavakhishvili, P. Glaser, andJ. A. Hoch. 1994. Multiple protein aspartate phosphatases provide a mech-anism for the integration of diverse signals in the control of development in Bacillus subtilis. Cell 79:1047–1055.58. Perego, M., and J. A. Hoch. 1996. Cell-cell communication regulates theeffects of protein aspartate phosphatases on the phosphorelay controlling development in Bacillus subtilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1549–1553.59. Perego, M., and J. A. Hoch. 1996. Protein aspartate phosphatases control theoutput of two-component signal transduction systems. Trends Genet. 12:97– 101.60. Perlada, D. E., A. G. Smulian, and M. T. Cushion. 1997. Molecular epide-miology and antibiotic susceptibility of enterococci in Cincinnati, Ohio: a prospective citywide survey. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2342–2347.61. Podbielski, A., N. Schnitzler, P. Beyhs, and M. D. Boyle. 1996. M-relatedprotein (Mrp) contributes to group A streptococcal resistance to phagocytosis by human granulocytes. Mol. Microbiol. 19:429–441.62. Podlogar, P. L., L. Frechette, K. A. Ohemeng, V. N. Nguyen, M. Frosco, andJ. F. Barrett. 1997. Surface analysis of the response regulators CheY andSpoOF using GRID and DOCK, abstr. 161, p. 47. In Program and abstracts of the 214th ACS National Meeting.63. Quon, K. C., G. T. Marczynski, and L. Shapiro. 1996. Cell cycle control byan essential bacterial two-component signal transduction protein. Cell 84: 83–93.64. Rasmussen, B. A., and E. Kovacs. 1993. Cloning and identification of atwo-component signal-transducing regulatory system from Bacteroides fragilis. Mol. Microbiol. 7:765–776.65. Roland, K. L., L. E. Martin, C. R. Esther, and J. K. Spitznagel. 1993.Spontaneous pmrA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 define a newVOL. 42, 1998MINIREVIEW 1535